Nail polish - Wikipedia. Fingernails before and after application of red nail polish. Nail polish (also known as nail varnish) is a lacquer that can be applied to the human fingernails or toenails to decorate and protect the nail plates. The formulation has been revised repeatedly to enhance its decorative effects and to suppress cracking or flaking. Nail polish consists of a mix of an organic polymer and several other components, depending on the brand. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, people preferred a polished rather than a painted look by mixing tinted powders and creams into their nails, then buffing them until shiny. One type of polishing product sold around this time was Graf's Hyglo nail polish paste. Ingredients. Nitrocellulose that is dissolved in butyl acetate or ethyl acetate is common. This basic formulation is expanded to include the following. Dibutylphthalate and camphor are typical plasticizers. Dyes and pigments. Representative compounds include chromium oxide greens, chromium hydroxide, ferric ferrocyanide, stannic oxide, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, carmine, ultramarine, and manganese violet. The glittery/shimmer look in the color can be conferred by mica, bismuth oxychloride, natural pearls, and aluminum powder. Adhesive polymers ensure that the nitrocellulose adheres to the nail's surface. One modifier used is tosylamide- formaldehyde resin. A typical thickener is stearalkonium hectorite. Thickening agents exhibit thixotropy, their solutions are viscous when still but free flowing when agitated. This duality is convenient for easily applying the freshly shaken mixture to give a film that quickly rigidifies. A typical stabilizer is benzophenone- 1. Base coat. Some base coats are marketed as . It forms a hardened barrier for the nail that can prevent chipping, scratching and peeling. Many top coats are marketed as . It gives the polish a more finished and desired look and may help to keep the polish on for longer. Gel polish is a long- lasting variety of nail polish made up of a type of methacrylate polymer. It is painted on the nail similar to traditional nail polish, but does not dry. Instead it is cured under an ultraviolet lamp or ultraviolet LED. While regular nail polish formulas typically last two to seven days without chipping, gel polish can last as long as two weeks with proper application and home care. Gel polish can be more difficult to remove than regular nail polish. It is usually gently pushed off (often with a wooden stick) after soaking the nails in acetone (the solvent used in most nail polish removers) for eight to fifteen minutes. Matte polish is like regular polish, but has a purposely dull finish rather than a shine. It can be purchased as a regular base coat in ranges of different colors. Matte nail polish can also be found in a top coat. Matte top coat is most useful for painting over any dry base color, giving it a different appearance. The matte top coat polish will dull the shine from a regular base coat polish. Diet & weight management. Hair Color, Permanent Color by Garnier. Find your perfect shade with Garnier's nourishing creams, foams & oils.
Matte polish has become very popular through the years, particularly since it can be used in nail art applications, where designs can be created on the nail using the contrast of both shiny and matte surfaces. Shellac. Nail polish can be found in a diverse variety of colors and shades. Beyond solid colors, nail polish has also developed an array of other designs, such as crackled, glitter, flake, speckled, iridescent, and holographic. Rhinestones or other decorative art are also often applied to nail polish. Some polish is advertised to induce nail growth, make nails stronger, prevent nails from breaking, cracking/ splitting, and to even stop nail biting. French manicure. French manicures were one of the first popular and well known color schemes. French manicures may have originated in the eighteenth- century in Paris but were most popular in the 1. One updated trend involves painting different colors as the tips of the nails instead of the basic white. French tip nails can be made with stickers, stencils or with a basic toothpick. Social media. This is good for viewers because it can give them an idea of what kind of nail art they could try for themselves. Western world. In Victorian era culture it was generally considered improper for women to adorn themselves with either makeup or nail coloring, since natural appearances were considered more chaste and pure. In the 1. 92. 0s, however, women left corsets and long gowns behind, changed to simple loose- fitting dresses, and began to wear color in new makeups and nail products, partly in rebellion to such prim customs of their recent past. Since the 1. 92. 0s, nail colors progressed from French manicures and standard reds to various palettes of color choices, usually coordinated with the fashion industry's clothing colors for the season. Men have begun to wear clear polish on their nails to protect them from breakage, and as recorded from 2. Goth subculture. While pastel colors such as pink are not typically worn by men, colors such as black, gun metal, silver, olive green, or brown are more often seen. This is especially true in warm climate areas where open- toed shoes are worn and can mask damaged or disfigured nails. The remover is an organicsolvent, but may also include oils, scents, and coloring. Nail polish remover packages may include individual felt pads soaked in remover. Some removers are a bottle of liquid remover that can be used with a cotton ball or cotton pad. Others can be containers filled with foam that can be used by inserting a finger into the container and twisting until the polish comes off. Choosing a type of remover is determined by the user's preference and often the price or quality of the remover. The most common remover is acetone. This can be harsh on skin and nails. A less harsh nail polish remover is ethyl acetate, which often also contains isopropyl alcohol. It has been banned in the European Economic Area for use in cosmetics since 1. March 2. 00. 0. Department of Health and Human Services), . So the chances of any individual phthalate producing such harm . Susan Reutman, an epidemiologist with the U. S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Division of Applied Research and Technology, announced a federal effort to evaluate the effectiveness of downdraft vented nail tables (VNTs) in removing potential nail polish chemical and dust exposures from the technician's work area. These are responsible for effects including birth defects, low birth weight, miscarriage, and preterm birth. One controversial family of ingredient are phthalates. Manufacturers have been pressured by consumer groups to reduce or to eliminate potentially- toxic ingredients. The majority of these bottles are cracked, and the intact bottles still contain a decent amount of polish residue. In 2. 01. 2, $7. 68 million worth of nail polish was sold in the United States. Two particular pigments common in nail polish have shown evidence of going through chemical degradation, and with the amount of nail polish being improperly disposed, could have similar effects in landfills. These two pigments are chromium oxide greens/chromium hydroxide and ferric ferrocyanide, or Prussian blue. Chromium Oxide/Hydroxide Greens - Green Pigment. However, through an oxidation with manganese (IV) oxide, the Cr. Cr. 6+ ion: Cr(OH)2+ + 1. Mn. O2 . Additionally, organic chelating agents that promote dissociation of minerals can, by extension, promote oxidation of Cr(OH)2+ to Cr. The Cr. 6+ ion is extremely toxic and motile. Further study needs to be done about whether nail polish disposal on its own can cause harmful environmental effects, but . Ferric ferrocyanide - Prussian Blue Pigment. Ferric ferrocyanide is, on its own, of fairly low toxicity. In fact, there is evidence that being complexed with iron retards the mobility of the cyanide ion, which is the problematic species of this compound. Below p. H 4 and above p. H 6, ferric ferrocyanide begins to dissociate in water under this reaction: Fe. The rate of photo- dissociation of ferrocyanide is given by: C(CN, t) = C(CN, 0)e. C is concentration, (CN, t) is cyanide concentration at a specified unit of time, (CN, 0) is initial cyanide concentration, and t is time. This indicates a possibility of these reactions occurring in soil contaminated by nail polish, although no exact studies have been conducted on whether or not these reactions do occur. References. Chemical Composition Of Everyday Products. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 3. For appearance' sake: The historical encyclopedia of good looks, beauty, and grooming. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 5. Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Milady's Standard Cosmetology. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 5. Chemical Composition Of Everyday Products. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 3. ISBN 9. 78- 9. 4- 0. Molina, Christina (3. March 2. 01. 4). Hearst Communications, Inc. Retrieved 2 April 2. Retrieved 3 April 2. Retrieved 1 September 2. Many polishes give off a metallic sheen. Duochrome or multichrome polish contains several colors. The colors flash differently, depending on the reflection of the light. Iridescent polish is a softer version of duochrome. Poison Control Center. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Retrieved 3 June 2. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Science Blog. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 3 April 2. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 5 March 2. Torquay. Herald. Express. Retrieved 2 April 2. With inviting names such as peaches and cream or Caramel Smoothie, you are led away from the potential dangers of these polishes, with some ingredients that are known cancer causing chemicals and those toxic to the nervous system. The top three chemicals of concern are toluene, dibutyl phthalate (dbp) and formaldehyde . CBS News (2. 01. 2- 0. Retrieved on 2. 01. Simon, Pitman (3. August 2. 00. 6). How to Dye Your Hair At Home. Getty Images. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below. Are you one of the 3. More and more ladies who color are taking matters into their own hands or asking their colorists for at- home advice to stretch out pricey appointments. Here, an insiders' guide from the industry's top experts (i. BEFORE YOU BEGINMOISTURIZE YOUR LOCKS. Color takes best to hydrated, healthy hair, so conditioning treatments should be part of your regular regimen, says New York City colorist Louis Licari, who works with Susan Sarandon. To make sure you've chosen the right shade, try it out before you do your entire head, says New York City colorist Sharon Dorram of Sharon Dorram Color at Sally Hershberger, whose celeb clientele includes Reese Witherspoon. The easiest way is to gather a small section of hair above your ear (where no one will see it) and leave the color on for 1. Check the results in natural light. PROTECT YOUR SKIN. Since some dyes can irritate and stain your skin, colorists agree it helps to spread Vaseline along your hairline using your finger or a Q- tip before applying any color. KNOW YOUR TRUE HUE. It's best to choose a color that is no more than one or two shades lighter or darker than your natural hair, since any dramatic changes can be difficult and costly to fix, says Dorram. Make sure to include an old button- up shirt (so you don't have to pull anything up over your head), a kitchen timer, Vaseline, Q- tips, latex gloves, a few towels you don't mind staining, and your boxes of color. USE WHAT THE PROS DO. The best tools are the ones used by professional colorists, so visit your local beauty- supply store (try Sally Beauty at sallybeauty. Beverly Hills colorist Umberto Savone, who works with Selma Blair. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below. STOCK UP ON YOUR SHADE. You never want to run out midprocess; otherwise you're looking at a botched dye job. For hair that is shoulder length or longer, make sure to have at least two or three boxes of product. WHAT'S EASILY ACHIEVABLE A RICH ALLOVER TINT. New goofproof options like Kelly Van Gogh Master Blend Multi- Dimensional Luxury Hair Color ($3. Umberto Beverly Hills U Color ($1. Van Gogh's Master Blend contains cold- pressed caviar oil, a key ingredient that seals the cuticle and keeps color lustrous while simultaneously strengthening the hair. Just mix the dye and developer together and rub it all over your head with gloved fingers. Umberto Savone's U Color is a one- step, mess- and- mixture- free triple packet of color, developer, and equalizer designed to be squeezed out directly onto the hair and spread throughout with your hands. The equalizer ingredient works in sync with the color and developer to balance absorption on strands that have already been colored. INTENSE RADIANCE. The easiest thing you can do to improve faded color is use a glaze. Try a daily three- minute dose of John Frieda Luminous Color Glaze Clear Shine ($9. DIMENSIONAL COLOR. The major difference between store- bought and salon color is that a professional colorist mixes shades to give your hair depth, says Aura Friedman, who works with Lady Gaga. How to accomplish this yourself? Buy two different shades (your true color and one level lighter) and mix a tablespoon of each together for the half- inch area around your face for a brightening effect. Then use your true color on the remainder of your hair to avoid having it look flat. OMBR. Stars like Jessica Biel and Drew Barrymore have made dark roots and sun- kissed ends a sought- after look, and the best part is it's really easy to achieve on your own. Buy an at- home kit that is three shades lighter than your natural color and apply it with a brush to the last few inches of your ends, says Vo. If you want the color lighter, wrap the ends in plastic wrap while it develops. For the most intensity, wrap them in foil.
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